Multi-Level Selling in 4 Helpful Steps

Here are a few common sales problems: you have gone through the entire sales process only to find out that the person you've been selling to isn't the “real” decision-maker; or maybe you were not able to gain access to the ultimate decision maker; or you've been working on an account, but the real decision process (who, when, how) is still unknown. Sound familiar? 

We have all been in these situations before. These problems typically arise when you are selling into large, complex accounts with potentially multiple decision-makers and influencers – i.e., multi-level selling. A multi-level selling situation tends to arise when, for one or more reasons, a decision-maker is unwilling or unable to make the decision without the input of others. There are many reasons for this, including:

• The decision-maker needs expert or detailed information from others
  
  
• The decision-maker wants to share the risk of making the decision by delegating some power to others in the organization
  
  
• The decision maker needs to get buy-in or approvals from others in the organization. In other cases, the decision-maker may be “pressured” by someone in the organization who has no recognized influence, yet who attempts to involve himself in the decision because he/she feels strongly about the vendor's products, programs, or services.

The challenge in any of these situations is that you may never really know how the decision is being made or who is making it. So in a multi-level selling situation the best way of increasing your odds of success it to sell to all of the decision-makers and influencers. That's why identifying all of the decision-makers and influencers is so important. It's easy to overlook someone whose influence isn't readily apparent, but it's absolutely necessary that you don't.

So what should you do if you find yourself in a multi-level selling situation?  

A key first step is to “map” the account by conducting an analysis of the key players using the following four step process:

Step 1: Identify Decision-Makers/Influencers and Their Priorities

It's important to identify who will be involved in and affected by the decision/purchase. Here are common roles within an account:

• Ratifier - the person or committee who ultimately gives the "rubber stamp" approval to decisions recommended by the decision-maker. Often a top-level executive.
• Decision-Maker - person or persons responsible for making the decision.
• Influencers - persons who have influence on the decision process and/or decision-maker. Classic examples of influencers include technical experts, end users of the solution, "bean counters" or people who have the financial power, and others who have some vested interest in the purchase decision.
• Gatekeeper - can block your access to key players; screens out selling organizations that do not meet minimum specifications.

After you have identified key players, analyze each of the key player’s priorities (financial, performance, service, etc.), that is, what are they most interested in regarding this purchase?  Analyzing their priorities can help you develop tactics in overcoming multi-level obstacles and capitalize on selling opportunities.

Most decision-makers will have a few priorities to some degree when making a purchase decision. However, you'll usually find that one or two priorities will be more important to a decision-maker than the others. Once you identify a decision-maker's dominant business priorities, it's easier to show how your solution addresses those priorities.

Multi-level selling dictates that you should sell to all decision-makers and influencers. To do otherwise is to take unnecessary risks, and while you may not be able to sell to everyone directly, you must find some way to sell to them (via email, telephone, or through someone else.)

Step 2: Determine Degrees of Influence

After you've identified the decision-makers and influencers' priorities, your next step in the multi-level analysis is to determine each person's degree of influence. By “degree of influence” we mean how much of an impact they will have on the purchase decision. To provide structure to the analysis, it's useful to rank each person as having a high, medium, or low degree of influence.

Sometimes it's quite obvious who among the influencers has the greatest impact on the decision, but at other times, you may need to do detective work, or perhaps take some educated guesses.

Here are some additional ways to determine the degree of influence each person has:

• Identify which influencers' priorities most closely match those of the decision-maker. They are likely to have more influence.
• Use your past experience with the account as a barometer.
• Identify people who are high in personal dynamics. (See Step 4 below)

Step 3: Establish Connections among Key players

Determine who's connected to whom in the account, either by political, functional, organizational, or personal ties. This is not an easy thing to do, but you should ask yourself and others in the account (tactfully, of course) questions such as:

“Who reports to the decision-maker(s)?”

“Who seems to meet with the decision-maker most often?”

“Which of the influencers seem to be on the career fast track?”

 “Who seems to have a ‘mentor’ relationship with the decision-maker?”

“Who works on committees or special projects with the decision-maker or higher level influencers?”

And, of course... don't forget to consider organizational titles and lines of authority as guidelines in drawing connections.

Step 4: Identify Commitment Levels

Identifying commitment levels is challenging because it relies to a great deal on your ability to observe and assess each person. Assessing commitment levels will enable you to determine where your “support” is and how you can capitalize on it to sell more effectively. In simple terms, it’s imperative to learn who’s “on your side” and will back your proposition, and if they can help you gain “converts”. On the other hand, you need to determine who is not committed to you and your company, so you can determine tactics for converting or offsetting their potential resistance.

The skills for identifying commitment levels rely heavily on your ability to "read" people and to assess their relative positions. To simplify the process we focus on two interacting attributes, “receptivity” and “dynamic”. Receptivity is obviously how the decision-maker or influencer feels about you, your company, and what you have to offer. Dynamics refers to his or her ability to influence or persuade others; it’s a combination of being an effective communicator and being assertive in espousing positions. Someone who is very receptive to your proposals and dynamic can be of significant help and support in getting your message across.

To assess a person’s commitment level, you assess each of these interacting characteristics or abilities using High or Low values.

As you can see in the chart, we’ve labeled each quadrant with an appropriate descriptor of the commitment level. More important, you can then devise tactics to deal with people in each quadrant.

The four commitment levels are:

• The Obstructionist is on the low side in receptivity, high side in dynamics, and often supports the status quo or a competitor in a vocal and persuasive manner. This is the most difficult person to deal with.
• The Doubter is on the low side in receptivity and dynamics. So not supportive of you. The good news:  he's not likely to have a negative effect on others in the account. His influence over others is limited.
• The Supporter is on the high side in receptivity, the low side in dynamics. You've got her support, but she's not likely to proactively persuade others.
• The Champion is the ideal:  receptive to you, and willing to “go to bat” for you and take an active role in trying to persuade others on your behalf.

Multi-level selling is not easy. If you find yourself having to sell to multiple decision-makers and influencers, start by mapping the account by conducting an analysis of the key players. Once you've analyzed priorities, degrees of influence, connections among the key players, and commitment levels, you will then be better positioned to verify who the key people are and the best way to access them, identify problems before they become major obstacles, and sell to non-supportive influencers or inaccessible decision-makers.